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Arabica Coffee Bean Plantation Contrary to the robusta species arabica coffee beans are sweeter and milder and have made an influence on the tastes of coffee drinkers across the world. They are the basis for an industry that is flourishing and contributes to numerous countries. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first cultivar of coffee. It is responsible for 60% of the world's production. Its fruit contains two seeds (known as beans) and is characterized by a distinct scent. Flowers The flowers are fragrant and white. The flowers bloom in the spring and are followed by tiny cherries-like fruits. Upon ripening, the fruit contains two seeds, known as beans. The seeds are surrounded by a fleshy, spongy parchment. A single tree can yield up to 12 pounds of fruit per year. The fruit is cultivated for its flavor and caffeine content. The beans are roasted in order to enhance their texture and taste. The coffee plant is an evergreen, small tropical shrub or a tree. Its leaves are simple, elliptic-ovate to oblong and glossy dark green. The flowers are arranged in clusters in the axillary region. The drupe measures about 10-15mm in diameter and matures in color from red to purple. It has two seeds. The drupes of Coffea arabica have a distinct umbilicus at the outer end. To better know the history of the arabica coffee plant, scientists have looked at the DNA of plants living today. They discovered that wild and cultivated varieties of the plant were separated approximately 30 years ago. This was due to climate events which changed the growing conditions in East Africa. The resultant population bottlenecks decreased the number of genetically identical arabica plants. These plants were more prone to diseases such as coffee leaf rust, which can result in yearly losses of thousands of dollars. Coffee plants need a lot of sun, but prefer cooler temperatures and soil that is well-drained. They are susceptible to a fungus known as Xyella which can cause dieback and leaf scorch. Also, they are prone to pests caused by insects. Farmers shade their crops by placing them in shade cloths. They can spray an insecticide on their crops to prevent Xyella. Fruits Coffea arabica plants produce fruits called cherries, which contain two seeds inside. The cherries are green before they are ripe and then turn red following. The development of the cherries and their quality play an important role in the flavor and aroma of brewed coffee Therefore, care is taken to ensure that the cherries are fully ripe. The seeds are then roasted to create the coffee we drink. They require ideal conditions to thrive. They thrive in tropical climates at high elevations, with moderate temperatures and constant rainfall. They are typically shade-grown beneath the canopy of trees, to shield them from direct sunlight. Coffee plants are often cut to create a balanced framework and stimulate fruiting. Coffee cultivation is a highly labor-intensive process. The beans must be picked by hand when they are fully mature. This is important to avoid under-ripe and overripe beans, which may greatly affect the flavor of the final coffee. In general, the more ripe the beans are, the better the quality of the coffee. A group of researchers has sequenced the genome of a unique cultivar of Arabica known as the Timor Hybrid. This genetic treasure trove will provide insight into the evolution of the plant, and it could aid scientists in developing new varieties that are better adapting to the changing climate and pathogens that could threaten existing cultivars. While the plant's name harkens back to the Arabic city of Yemen, Coffea arabica has become an international crop that contributes to nearly 60% of the world's total coffee production. The beans are grown in different countries, from the mountains of Ethiopia and the southeastern Sudan to the huge coffee farms in Brazil and India. Planting Arabica coffee plants thrive best in soil that is well-drained and warm. They prefer indirect sunlight and are susceptible coffee leaf rust, which causes the leaves to yellow and lose their color. These plants are also vulnerable to a fungus that attacks and destroys coffee berries. These diseases can decrease the quantity and quality of a crop. To boost growth, coffee plants must be fertilized. Anyone who wants to attempt growing their own coffee should start by purchasing a young arabica plant that can be grown in their zone of hardiness. Coffeee is available at garden centers and online, but it's important to select a healthy specimen that doesn't have any pest issues. The plant should be planted in a fertile, well-drained soil with moderate shade. Pre-germinating the seeds in water is recommended prior to planting. This can be accomplished by placing them into damp sand or moist vermiculite which has been draining. When a coffee plant reaches two years old it is time to trim the plant to encourage branching and flowers. Small lateral stems are what produce fruit and if the main stem is allowed to become too tall, it will only produce foliage and won't produce any fruit. Trim the plant once or every two weeks to encourage branches. While climate change and deforestation are major challenges to coffee cultivation technological advancements and sustainable efforts offer hope for this important global industry's future. For example, agroforestry practices help reduce the requirement for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Additionally coffee companies are increasingly implementing corporate social responsibility initiatives to address environmental issues and climate change. Harvesting In the process of harvesting A skilled worker picks only the coffee cherries that are ready to be transformed into a delicious cup of coffee. This is an important step because only the finest beans can create a top quality cup. This can be done in two ways: either by belt harvesting or by selective harvesting. The berries of the arabica coffee plant are made up of two seeds, or beans. They are surrounded by fleshy fruits which is typically red, however it could also be purple or yellow. The quality of the berries is important because it determines the overall flavor of brewed coffee. Once the berries have reached maturity, they begin to emit a sweet scent similar to jasmine. This indicates that they are ready to be picked and the coffee plant will stop producing new berries. A successful harvest requires careful planning and attention to the weather conditions. When the coffee berries are harvested, they undergo an array of post-harvest processing steps that transform into the fragrant and delicious beverage that we all love and know about. The initial step is removing the fruit from the bean, which can take place through either dry or wet processing techniques. The wet method of coffee extraction involves washing the coffee seeds in water. This removes the pulp from the seed as well as a layer of mucilaginous material that could cause contamination of beans. After this step, the coffee seeds are dried. This is usually through exposure to sunlight or through hot air driers. This allows the coffee seeds to be roasted, ground and brewed, transforming them into the delicious morning beverage that so many people depend on. Processing The industry is dependent on the cultivation, harvesting and processing of arabica beans. Arabica beans are known for their mild, aromatic taste and are loved by people who drink coffee. They also work well with different coffee brewing techniques making them versatile and well-known in the international coffee market. They are also linked to specific regions that grow coffee, which helps coffee drinkers be more aware of the origins and distinctive qualities of the coffee. The ideal conditions for the cultivation of arabica coffee beans are high altitudes as well as consistent rainfall. The beans are often grown in the shade under the canopy of trees. This helps protect them from the sun and allows them to thrive in a natural environment. Agroforestry is an agricultural method which reduces the use of pesticides and chemicals. Coffee plants require a fertile soil, packed with organic matter. They need to be watered regularly but not so often that the soil is flooded. Coffee plants are also sensitive to temperature, and sudden weather changes can cause damage to them. To make high-quality arabica, farmers must harvest cherries at the proper time. This is a tedious process that requires great attention to detail. Ideally, the cherries should be picked when they are completely mature. Overripe or underripe coffees can have a negative impact on the flavor and quality of coffee. The harvesting process can be done using either the dry or the wet method. The fruit is crushed using the wet method to remove the skin and pulp. The beans are then fermented for up to three days. This process removes the mucilaginous layers and the seeds are washed to remove any pulp. The beans are dried in the sun, or with hot air dryers.